Secret tricks of restaurant menus: Why you may be enticed to spend more
Filed under: Food, Saving Money, Economizer, Restaurant Deals & Coupons
Restaurants use all types of marketing tricks and gimmicks to get customers in the door. Once they get them inside, however, the real trick is to get them to spend more -- and that's when restaurants use their most powerful advertising weapon: the menu.
While it may not seem obvious at first glance, restaurants often incorporate various visual tricks into their menus to get diners to buy more expensive meals or, simply, to buy more food. WalletPop took a look at the menu of California Pizza Kitchen, a national chain based in Los Angeles that has more than 250 restaurants in 33 states and 9 other countries. With the help of some menu design experts, we examined the restaurant chain's extensive menu of pizza, salads and other items, like fish tacos, to see if we could find some often-employed upselling tactics. Here is what we found on just one page of the restaurant chain's six-page menu.

1. Typically, the diner's eye is first drawn to the upper right hand corner of a menu. But since CPK's menu is so long, the eye is naturally drawn to the middle, making it a prime spot for the restaurant to feature its most expensive or highest-margin items, says Erin Martin, an online editor at MustHaveMenus.com, which sells professionally-designed menus to independent restaurants. Here, CPK's signature item, outlined in red as the "BBQ Chicken Pizza," will likely catch your eye first. Note that these are some of the most expensive items on the page.
2. CPK puts its simple pizzas, like the White Pizza, right next to its more complex pizzas, like the heavily-loaded Greek Pizza. By doing so, the restaurant is hoping that the more complex (and more expensive) pizza will look more enticing than the simple pizza, says Martin.
3. The thin crust pizzas are put at the bottom of the page, yet another spot where high-profit items go because a reader's eyes will naturally travel down after going to the upper right corner. These tend to be highly profitable items for the restaurant. The thin crust pizzas here, for example, cost $1.50 more, making you think you're getting something special but in reality you're paying $1.50 extra for less crust.
4. People tend to spend more if the price on a menu is portrayed without a dollar sign or the word "dollars," according to a study by a researcher at Cornell University and the Culinary Institute of America that WalletPop wrote about in May.
CPK must have read the same study because it doesn't include dollar signs on its menu, either. However, the chain violates one common rule of menu design by putting most of the prices in a straight vertical line so customers can easily scan by price and pick the cheapest item instead of looking at the food, says Bruce Sharkey of JMS Menu Marketing. And if the goal is to sell food and not the prices, then the font size of the prices should be two points smaller, he says. CPK also uses decimal points and cents, something many experts advise against.
5. Boxes or sections are often used on menus to highlight upscale items that are likely to catch a diner's eye. Every menu should have at least two high-profit items in a section that stands out and are the first thing you see, Sharkey says.
6. Watch out for the trendy buzzwords. Throughout CPK's menu, colorful descriptions are employed that make the items sound more appetizing. Take the "Applewood smoked bacon" on its California Club pizza, for example, or the "fresh Roma tomatoes." Both of these descriptions are a heck of a lot more appetizing sounding than plain old "bacon" or "tomatoes."
7. Red diamonds with "new" written on them are scattered throughout the menu to alert diners to new dishes that may also be higher-profit items. If CPK wants to sell more of these items, it should box them and put more than a "new" sign next to them, said Sharkey of JMS Menu Marketing.
While it may not seem obvious at first glance, restaurants often incorporate various visual tricks into their menus to get diners to buy more expensive meals or, simply, to buy more food. WalletPop took a look at the menu of California Pizza Kitchen, a national chain based in Los Angeles that has more than 250 restaurants in 33 states and 9 other countries. With the help of some menu design experts, we examined the restaurant chain's extensive menu of pizza, salads and other items, like fish tacos, to see if we could find some often-employed upselling tactics. Here is what we found on just one page of the restaurant chain's six-page menu.

1. Typically, the diner's eye is first drawn to the upper right hand corner of a menu. But since CPK's menu is so long, the eye is naturally drawn to the middle, making it a prime spot for the restaurant to feature its most expensive or highest-margin items, says Erin Martin, an online editor at MustHaveMenus.com, which sells professionally-designed menus to independent restaurants. Here, CPK's signature item, outlined in red as the "BBQ Chicken Pizza," will likely catch your eye first. Note that these are some of the most expensive items on the page.
2. CPK puts its simple pizzas, like the White Pizza, right next to its more complex pizzas, like the heavily-loaded Greek Pizza. By doing so, the restaurant is hoping that the more complex (and more expensive) pizza will look more enticing than the simple pizza, says Martin.
3. The thin crust pizzas are put at the bottom of the page, yet another spot where high-profit items go because a reader's eyes will naturally travel down after going to the upper right corner. These tend to be highly profitable items for the restaurant. The thin crust pizzas here, for example, cost $1.50 more, making you think you're getting something special but in reality you're paying $1.50 extra for less crust.
4. People tend to spend more if the price on a menu is portrayed without a dollar sign or the word "dollars," according to a study by a researcher at Cornell University and the Culinary Institute of America that WalletPop wrote about in May.
CPK must have read the same study because it doesn't include dollar signs on its menu, either. However, the chain violates one common rule of menu design by putting most of the prices in a straight vertical line so customers can easily scan by price and pick the cheapest item instead of looking at the food, says Bruce Sharkey of JMS Menu Marketing. And if the goal is to sell food and not the prices, then the font size of the prices should be two points smaller, he says. CPK also uses decimal points and cents, something many experts advise against.
5. Boxes or sections are often used on menus to highlight upscale items that are likely to catch a diner's eye. Every menu should have at least two high-profit items in a section that stands out and are the first thing you see, Sharkey says.
6. Watch out for the trendy buzzwords. Throughout CPK's menu, colorful descriptions are employed that make the items sound more appetizing. Take the "Applewood smoked bacon" on its California Club pizza, for example, or the "fresh Roma tomatoes." Both of these descriptions are a heck of a lot more appetizing sounding than plain old "bacon" or "tomatoes."
7. Red diamonds with "new" written on them are scattered throughout the menu to alert diners to new dishes that may also be higher-profit items. If CPK wants to sell more of these items, it should box them and put more than a "new" sign next to them, said Sharkey of JMS Menu Marketing.
Money Clips
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- HIT HARDEST: States Hurt Most From Rising Gas Prices - CNBC
- GET YOUR MONEY'S WORTH: Best Cars to Buy Used - CBS MoneyWatch

Reader Comments (Page 1 of 6)
1-15-2010 @ 1:55PM
Chris Kinsman said...
As an Art Director, I find it irritating and annoying that there are companies that manipulate consumer behavior to such a degree by using "design" as the modus operandi to dissuade customers from making a decision they would feel comfortable with.
Designers should not have to put up with this, nor allow their clients to dictate design decisions such as these. Ever so subtly, these companies are manipulating the customers' behavior for the wrong reasons.
"Honesty" in designing a menu should focus on the quality of the food and its ingredients first and foremost. Companies that place price ahead of quality are using design to communicate the wrong message.
A menu is only as good as the food that is served from it. Playing cloak and dagger with customer behavior is disingenuous at the very least.
Reply
1-15-2010 @ 2:19PM
poot said...
Since you're providing a paid-for service, yours is not to tell people what to do with their designs or their business, your place is to do your job or find different work that fits your moral bent.
1-15-2010 @ 3:43PM
Chris Kinsman said...
@poot. Thanks for the constructive criticism. As a designer, I do tell clients what to do and how to run their business. That's why I'm a professional and hired as such. I have done menu designs based on the premise I outlined above, so I don't need to find other work, because I already to do it.
In addition, it appears you have little knowledge of the design industry. We don't design for clients, we design for their audience. Design Lesson 101 is complete. ; )
1-16-2010 @ 2:36PM
rick said...
I hate to break the news to you but companies are in business to make money for the owners and stock holders. I have one question for you do you have a retirement fund or stocks or CD's because if you answered yes to any of those I can assure you they have vested interests in food companies and restuarants.
1-16-2010 @ 2:53PM
Alan said...
How long have you been or will be un-employed. This is the business world-if people were too busy partying in school and they have no reading comprehension they deserve what befalls them. You can afford to go out to eat thats the bottom line or you can't! It a lot cheaper to make that crap they call pizza at home-at least you won't feel bad throwing it out!! If you notice on the menu Bacon is a 1.50 extra. On the BBQ Chicken Pizza there is only a 50cents increase in price from the BBQ plain-so what is the author griping about?
1-16-2010 @ 3:03PM
Dave said...
I think you are impressed with title. If you were to approach Me and tell my marketing department not to do what we paid researchers for a viable ad campaign, I would show you the door and ask you not let it hit you in the back on the way out. You do what you get paid to do, if you want independence, go buy some spray paint and graffiti subway cars.You are an amateur with no business saavy!!
1-16-2010 @ 3:28PM
JIm said...
Really?
1-16-2010 @ 3:58PM
Chef Alfred Schrader said...
Nothing personal, but this menu is a disaster. Firstly, you have to make it easy for your guest to find what they like.
And pictures are imperitive. There's a lot more wrong with it, but I don't have time here...Alfred-
1-16-2010 @ 4:04PM
EweDingDong said...
Chris, It's called......"marketing."
And it has been done for hundreds, if not thousands of years...next time you read a magazine, newspaper or even watch TV, you are exposed to it....
DUH
1-16-2010 @ 4:37PM
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1-16-2010 @ 4:43PM
Jim said...
Horse pucky. Menus are meant to be enticing. That is not cynical manipulation. The analysis has several flaws. For instance Roma tomatoes and applewood bacon are not just tomatoes and bacon -- there are significant differences here.
It is conceivable that the author is right about thin crust pizzas. Realistically, however, CPK would be crazy to have a higher price for a less costly item that is so similar to the other option. My guess is that there is some other difference we have not picked up.
I am "just" a consumer not a design expert. The solution to any concern, however, is to read the menu. Simple -- READ THE MENU.
1-16-2010 @ 5:29PM
Chris said...
@dave Thanks for the constructive criticism. Again, here we have another person who has not clue what an Art Director does or how we as designers can benefit your business. Sounds like you need charts, graphs, focus groups and tons of data to make your decisions. That information is not your customer and not your audience. They are simply numbers.
1-16-2010 @ 7:04PM
razoredge87 said...
It's called marketing and promotion. It is all around us everywhere we go, but we chose what we perceive and what we order off of menus. If you don't have enough restraint to not order "more" or order something that you wouldn't normally get because of the way the menu is designed, you aren't adult enough to be eating out anyway.
2-14-2010 @ 12:45PM
JPE said...
Chris,
As a marketing consultant who works with graphic designers I can tell you that our (collective) job is to sell our client's product, not to create wonderful prose or art. Not that yours isn't a noble quest, but that's why we are hired. And if we fail to sell it, they hire someone else who CAN sell the next time. After all, we work in the field of advertising and marketing, not in fine art.
If you want to create art, more power to you. I just suggest you create it under your own name and not under the name of your clients.
1-18-2010 @ 10:56PM
garagecomic said...
You must not live in the USA
1-16-2010 @ 8:01PM
tigerlilly125 said...
That is unfortunately why marketing professionals and corporate america thinks designers are self-centered and egotistical.
As an ad agency owner and graphic designer, the key to success for both designer and customer is collaboration. A company's decision to market a product, to dictate the position of product on a menu, is foremost their decision. If their marketing research and knowledge of their own industry lends itself to positioning their best product center on a page, so be it. It is then my responsibility to make that look good.
If on the other hand the client does not have internal marketing to refer to, then it is my job to research industry trends, and come up with a design that not only looks nice but features their product in a way that will help them drive sales. Yes, you can give your opinion, but you need to be able to back your ideas up with something other than "that will screw up my design".
Marketing drives sales. If the client has no sales, you have no client. See how this cycle works? This isn't about you. Your job is to put forward the best looking design, while engaging in the marketing principles set forth. While it is up to us to raise a red flag when a customer does something stupid, it is NOT up to us to shut down their marketing plans.
Advertising is what it is. It is a manipulation, it's smoke and mirrors... it's never straight forward. Everyone's product is better than everyone else's. If you have an ethical problem with this, you need to think about a career change.
1-16-2010 @ 9:16PM
Chris said...
@JPE @tigerlilly125 I understand firsthand what it means to be involved in marketing and design, so I understand why you must think that designers live on an island. There is the assumption that we do things for art's sake or design's sake. I'm not one of those people.
I have been involved in the design, marketing and advertising fields for 15 years. I have designed menus and comprehensive packages for high-end hotels in New York, San Francisco and other major cities. I have created marketing proposals, analyzed customer trends, crunched statistics and the like.
I also worked for studios where 2 designers could do the job of a large marketing team. How is that? Because we cut through the analysis, surveys and bureaucracy and get to the heart of the problem by listening and understanding the client's actual needs.
As designers we do have to make concessions because that is the nature of the business. But a priority must be given to communicating to our client's "audience" and not the client's "wants."
By communicating the message in a clear and concise manner, brand integrity is maintained and the audience is able to act on the message because it is trusted.
When "smoke and mirrors" are used, then that can cloud communication. Moving prices around on a menu to manipulate consumer behavior does not make for a better experience. It's a clever trick that can achieve results in the short term, but degrades over time.
At then end of the day, these tricks can result in turning the client into a car salesman and not a restaurant. I want my clients to hold to their business ideals and not statistical mumbo jumbo.
1-19-2010 @ 2:01PM
terry said...
Actually, I disagree. All stores try to make their wares stand out. Why would you want to buy something that was not attractive? Cars are not designed as much for practicality as for appeal. Houses, packaging, clothes..... You likely wouldn't go back to a merchant that wasn't appealing. The consumer should be aware of what happens and smart enough to get what he, or she, wants, not what is promoted.
1-20-2010 @ 2:53PM
Chris said...
I think this latest article below from Walletpop about the Domino's experience and VP Brandon Solano's observations confirms my point precisely.
Focus on the big picture and the quality of your product or consumers will leave. Designers like to reinforce that message without the use of chicanery. Marketing tricks are all well and good in the short term, but have a tendency to distract us from the core values of a company in the long term. Put quality in front of a customer, not gimmicks and tricks.
Test-driving Domino's new pie -- and savoring the reasons why
http://bit.ly/8fCS4h
"Not long into the job, Solano realized his friend was right."It was all about 30-minute delivery and not about the product," he says. Even more pressing: since 2006, Domino's business had declined for three straight years. Revamping the recipe was going to cost the company a lot of money, Solano knew. But: "The cost of not having a fantastic pizza? Consumers leave you."
1-15-2010 @ 2:17PM
poot said...
The article is written by an amateur with no restaurant experience... for openers, what the restaurant actually earns has no relation to how much you spend... at $50 a pound for lobster, a restaurant can't turn around and sell the same pound for $100... so they charge, say, $55, because otherwise, you'll sell about one a week. On the other hand, selling a veggie pasta for $15 that cost $4 to put together... and then you sell 200 of them in the course of a week... you tell me where the moneymaker is. Yes, there are marketing tricks that are used, but it isn't to "get you to spend more," it's to get you to purchase particular items.
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